Valley, are the best examples of advanced water management and drainage Mohenjo-Daro and Dholavira, the two major cities of the Indus Socioeconomic conditions and religious ways of societies through all theĪges of the civilizations (Sorcinelli, 1998 Wolfe, 1999 De Feo and Napoli,Īgriculture was the main economic activity of the Harappan society and anĮxtensive network of reservoirs, wells, canals as well as low-cost water-harvesting techniques were developed throughout the region at that time Management systems have been highly amenable to the sociocultural and It is interesting to note in this context that the water and wastewater With provisions for sophisticated drainage and wastewater management systems. The urbanĬenters were developed with state-of-the-art civil and architectural designs To the rivers every day and accorded the rivers a divine status. The Harappan civilization were known for their obsession with water they prayed Jansen (1989) states that the citizens of Linguists decipher the Harappan script inscribed on the seals, amulets, and However, more information will be revealed to the world once the Patterns of military conquests have not been found in this society (Kenoyer,Ģ003). Harappan society was based on shared concepts of power dominance and Temples and differentiated burials (Kenoyer, 1994 Possehl, 1998, 2003). The Mesopotamian civilization, pointing to evidence of centralized control of palaces and The Harappan civilization did not have the “single state”Ĭoncept as was practiced by the other contemporary civilizations such as The level of development of science and society in the protohistoric Indian The Harappan (or Indus Valley) civilization ( ∼3000–1500 BCE), one of the earliest and most advanced civilizations of theĪncient times, was also the world's largest in spatial extent and epitomizes Water uses for different purposes led those civilizations to flourish for Hydrologic cycle, nature, and patterns of its various components along with The prime mover of the ancient civilizations, a clear understanding of the Lakes, rivers, and seas (Yannopoulos et al., 2015). Most of the ancientĬivilizations, e.g., the Indus Valley, Egyptian, Mesopotamian, and Chinese,ĭeveloped at places where water required for agriculturalĪnd human needs was readily available, i.e., in the vicinity of springs, Unique relationship between humans and water. Sociocultural societies and settlements, which were largely dependent on water in one Humans created permanent settlements about 10 000 years ago when theyĪdopted an agrarian way of life and began developing different Water is intimately linked to human existence and is the source of societalĪnd cultural development, traditions, rituals, and religious beliefs. The reviewĬovers the period from the Mature Harappan Phase to the Vedic Period Hydraulic engineering, and culture and covering the geographical area of theĮntire Indian subcontinent to the east of the Indus River. Management, exploring disciplines such as history, archeology, hydrology and This review presents the various facets of water Mythology, many fascinating dimensions of the Indian scientificĬontributions emerge. References to hydrologic works in ancient Indian literature including the
Mauryan Empire ( ∼322–185 BCE) is credited as theįirst “hydraulic civilization” and is characterized by the construction of dams with spillways, reservoirs, andĬhannels equipped with spillways ( Pynes and Ahars) they also had an understanding of water balance,ĭevelopment of water pricing systems, measurement of rainfall, and knowledge Structures, wastewater disposal systems based on centralized andĭecentralized concepts, and methods for wastewater treatment. In ancient India that includes construction of sophisticated hydraulic Harappan civilization epitomizes the level of development of water sciences Hydro-structures, and nature-based solutions (NBS) for water management. The Vedas, particularly, the Rigveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda, have many references to the waterĬycle and associated processes, including water quality, hydraulic machines, Related engineering knowledge that existed in ancient India, as discussed inĬontemporary literature and revealed by the recent explorations andįindings. Provide some fascinating glimpses into the hydrological, hydraulic, and Unfamiliar to the world at large until the recent times. Most of the ancient hydrologic knowledge, however, has remained hidden and Manage water propelled the growth of hydrologic science in ancient India. As in other ancient civilizations across the world, the need to Over several millenniums through the Harappan civilization ( ∼3000–1500 BCE) and the Vedic Period ( ∼1500–500 BCE). Hydrologic knowledge in India has a historical footprint extending
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